Today I'm going to post the different Editing techniques.

Editing can be used to construct representations by:

• The pace of editing (fast paced-young,energetic,slow-old)
• Contrasting characters or settings (crosscutting,shot/reverse shot)
• Showing us what a character is looking at
• Showing us what a character is thinking about (cutting,superimpositions)

Cutting the process where one shot is replaced on screen immediately. So it is a visual transition created in editing in which one shot is instantaneously replaced on screen by another.

Eyeline match The matching of eyelines between two or more characters. For example, if Sam looks to the right in shot A, Jean will look to the left in shot B. This establishes a relationship of proximity and continuity.

Shot reverse shot cutting usually used for conversation scenes, this technique alternates between over-the-shoulder shots showing each character speaking. In a stape if editing in dialogue sequences.

Film historian David Bordwell defines the film technique "where in one character is shown looking (often off-screen) at another character,and ten the other character is shown looking 'back' at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer unconsciously assumes that they are looking at each other" (Bordwell).

Fade out/in. A visual transition between shots or scenes that appears on screen as a brief interval with no picture. The editor fades one shot to black and then fades in the next. Often used to indicate a change in time and place.The image can fades out out to a black screen, or fades in from a black screen.

                       

                                        Dissolve 

One shot fades out as the next shot fades in. In other words, a gradual scene transition. The editor overlaps the end of one shot with the beginning of the next one.

Crosscutting. Cutting back and forth quickly between two or more lines of action, indicating they are happening simultaneously. Literally, cutting between different sets of action that can be occurring simultaneously or at different times. Cross-cutting is used to build suspense, or to show the relationship between the different sets of action.

Action Match. Match on action is a technique of filming used in many sorts of films. It consists of connecting 2 shots together in which a character finishes off an action in the second shot that was started in the first one, for example a clip of a character walking through a door in which he opens the door being filmed from behind then the clip cuts to him walking through from the other one.

Graphic match. A similar shape or colour linking two consecutive shots.

A match cut is one method that directs use in editing to suggest a relationship between two different objectives

and to create a visual metaphor. It is a cut within a scene that makes sense spatially. This can be between two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in two shots graphically match.

Slow motion. Relating to, or being motion-picture or video photography in which the action that has been photographed is madre to appear to occur slower than it actually occurred. 

Fast paced/slow paced editing. When the editing is far paced the action will cut rapidly from shot to shot with each shot lasting only a few seconds. Slow paced editing will involve limited cutting from shot to shot.

Superimposition. One image is placed on top of another image.

Camera angles 

The term camera angle means slightly different things to different people but it always refers to the way a shot is composed. Some people use it to include all camera shot types, others use it to specifically mean the angle between the camera and the subject. We will concentrate on the literal interpretation of camera angles, that is, the angle of the camera relative to the subject.

HIGH ANGLE 

the camera looks down on someone. Not so extreme as a bird's eye view. The camera is elevated above the action using a crane to give a general overview. High angles make the object photographed seem smaller, and less significant (or scary). The object or character often gets swallowed up by their setting-they become part of a wider picture.

LOW ANGLE

These increise heigh (useful for short actors like Tom Cruise or James McAvoy) and give a sense of speeded motion. Low angles help give a sense of confusion to a viewer, of powerlessness within the action of a scene. The background of a low angle shot will tend to be just sky or ceiling, the lack of detail about the setting adding to the disorientation of the viewer. The added height of the object may make it inspire fear and insecurity in the viewer, who is psychologically dominated by the figure on the screen.

CANTED ANGLE

Sometimes the camera is tilted (i.e. is not places horizontal to floor level), to suggest imbalance,transition and instability (very popular in horror movies). This technique is used to suggest POINT OF-view (i.e. when the camera becomes the 'eyes' of one particular character, seeing what they see-a hand held camera is often used for this.

Camera movements Although camera movements are often implemented to add excitement to shots, their best use is when new informations revealed.At the beginning level, budding filmmakers sometimes tilt and pan without the proper motivation.

Pan movement  

The camera moves from side to side.

During a pan, the camera is aimed sideways along a straight line. Note that the camera itself is no moving. It is often fixed on tripod, with the operator turning it either left or right. Panning is commonly utilized to capture images of moving objects like cars speeding or people walking; or to show sweeping like an ocean or cliff.

Tilt movement 

The camera moves up or down on a crane.

Tilts refer to the up or down movement of the camera while the camera itself does not move. Tilts are often employed to reveal vertical objects like a building or a person.

Track movement 

The camera follows a person or object.

Tracking is similar to doling. The main difference being that in dollies the camera is moved toward or away from the subject, whereas in a track shot, the camera is moved sideways, parallel to an object.

Crane movement

The camera moves up or down on a crane. The camera is mounted on a crane allowing the camera to move very high and then swoop back down to the ground. Sometimes the crane is mounted on a dolly so the camera can move along the ground and at the same time mov up into the air. Crane shots are often difficult to pull off but can be highly effective establishing shots.

Zoom 

The camera zooms in our out. Zooms happen at the push of a button. Zoom in refers to seemingly "approaching" the subject, thus making it look bigger in the frame. Zoom out refers to seemingly "distancing" the subject, thus making it look smaller.

Reverse zoom

The lenses zooms in or out whilst the camera moves in the opposite direction, creates the impression that the background is constantly moving.

Steadicam movement 

the camera is strapped to camera operator's body creates a gliding effect.

Hand-held movement

A skanky handheld effect. Filmmaking and video production technique in which a camera is held in the camera operator's hands as opposed to being mounted on a tripod or other base. Hand-held cameras are used because they are conveniently sized for travel and because they allow greater freedom on motion during filming.

SOUNDS it is part of the production process but mostly with the POST-PRODUCTION process.

Diegetic sound originating from a source in the scene,e.g. dialogue

Sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film: 

voices of characters 

sounds made by objects in the story 

music represented as coming from instruments in the story space

 (  source music)

Diegetic sound is any sound presented as originated from source within the film's world 

Non-diegetic sound added in postproduction.Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the action: 

narrator's commentary

sound effects which is added for the dramatic effect

mood music

Non-diegetic sound is represented as coming from the a source outside story space. 

Sound motif a sound of piece of music associated with a character,place or theme (like the JAWS)

The sound motifs condition the audience emotionally for the intervention, arrival, or actions of a particular character. The sound motifs can be very useful in the rough cut, where they help clarify the narrative functions of the characters and provide a sound association for those characters as we move through the story. 

Ambient sound means the background sounds which are present in scene or location. Common ambient sounds include wind, water, birds, crowds,office noises, traffic, etc.

Providing audio continuity between shots.

Preventing an unnatural silence when no other sound is present.

Establishing or reinforcing the mood.

Sound mix the way in which the different sounds in a scene are mixed together.

After that I'm going to explain the four technical areas.

There are differents Camera shot.

Camera shot is the amount of space that is seen in one shot or frame. Camera shots re used to demonstrate different aspects of a film's setting, characters and themes. As a result, camera shots are very important in shaping meaning in a film. 

This are the following camera shots:

ESTABLISHING SHOT 

An establishing shot is used to show were the movie is going to take place.

It usually found at the start of the scene so we get  and understanding of the location.

                                                    

MASTER SHOT 

shot showing where characters/objectives are positioned in a scene.

A single uninterrupted shot, usually taken from a long or full shot range, which contains an entire scene. Later, the closer shots are photographed, and an edited sequence, composed of a variety of different shots, is subsequently constructed on the editor's bench.

CLOSE-UP SHOT 

contains just one character's face. This enables viewers to understand the actor's emotions and also allows them to feel empathy for the character. This is also know as a person shot.

MID-SHOT

contains the characters or character from the waist up. From this shot, viewers can see the characters' faces more clearly as well as their interaction with other characters. This is also know as a social shot.

LONG-SHOT

 A panoramic view of an exterior location, photographed from a great distance, often as far as a quarter-mile away. Contains landscape but gives the viewer a more specific idea of setting. A long shot may show the viewers the building where the action will take places.

WIDE SHOT  

The subject takes up the full frame,or at least as much as comfortably possible.This shot is similar to the extreme wide shot as it shows a lot of the area and environment around the subject but in this case the wide shot moves closer to the subject so it can been seen more easily compared to the extreme wide shot. 

TWO SHOT

a shot showing two people.Two-shots are good for establishing a relationship between subjects.If you see two sports presenters standing side by facing camera,you get the idea that these people are going to be shows's co-hosts.  

AREAL SHOT

a shot filmed from the air.

The four technical areas:

1.Camerawork

2.Mise-en-scene

3.Sound

4.Editing

CAMERAWORK

Can be used to represent characters in a variety of ways:

• High/low angels/tilts to show dominance/inferioity
• Point of view/over the shoulder to encourage the audience to identify with the character
• Camera movement to suggest the character is fast paced and energietic, or chaotic, anxious,etc..
• Two shots to emphasize the relationship between characters
• Zoom for emphasis
• Close-up to show emotions/reactions
• Long/Establishing shots to show setting/costume

May main task for this year is to make the titles and the opening of a new fiction film to last a maximum of two minutes.
A fiction movie is a film that tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event or narrative. In this style of film,believable narratives and characters help convince the audience that the unfolding in real.
Lighting and camera movement,among other cinematic elements, have become increasingly important in these films. Great detail goes into the screenplays of narratives,as these films rarely devite from the predetermined behaviours and lines of the screenplays to maintain a sense of realism. Actors must deliver dialogue and action in a believable way, so as to persuade the audience that film is real life.

At first during the first months of school I have done a few projects.
One of the project was based on making a cover of a movie and we were free of choosing the film we wanted. Also we have been learned all features of Shots, Movements, Angles and Mise en Scene by making several comments on some shorts films.

                         

Hello my name is Carmen Báscones Liaño and this is my Media Studies Blog!. Here I am going to present evidence of the process of my work during this year.

                                                           Let's start!